An antioxidant drug that
may keep cancer cells from developing or reduce the risk
of growth of existing cancer.
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A substance that is being
studied as an anticancer drug in the treatment of
non-small cell lung cancer. Also called CI-994.
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A substance that is being
studied as a treatment for constipation caused by
narcotic medications. It belongs to the family of drugs
called narcotic antagonists.
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An agent that causes
insensibility or stupor; usually refers to opioids given
to relieve pain.
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By or having to do with
the nose.
|
(NAY-zo-fair-inks)
The upper part of the
throat behind the nose. An opening on each side of the
nasopharynx leads into the ear.
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NCI. The National Cancer
Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health of
the United States Department of Health and Human
Services, is the Federal Government's principal agency
for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and
funds cancer research, training, health information
dissemination, and other programs with respect to the
cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer.
Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov.
|
NIH. The National
Institutes of Health, the focal point of biomedical
research in the United States, conducts research in its
own laboratories; supports the research of non-Federal
scientists in universities, medical schools, hospitals,
and research institutions throughout the country and
abroad; helps in the training of research investigators;
and fosters communication of medical information. Access
the NIH Web site at http://www.nih.gov.
|
NK cells. A type of white
blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can
kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called large
granular lymphocytes.
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National Cancer Institute.
NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the
United States Department of Health and Human Services,
is the Federal Government's principal agency for cancer
research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer
research, training, health information dissemination,
and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis,
prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web
site at http://cancer.gov.
|
A device used to turn
liquid into a fine spray.
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(dye-SEK-shun)
Surgery to remove lymph
nodes and other tissues in the neck.
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(ne-KRO-sis)
Refers to the death of
living tissues.
|
The removal of tissue or
fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope.
Also called fine-needle aspiration.
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Lymph nodes in the armpit
that are free of cancer.
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A test result that fails
to show the specific disease or condition for which the
test was being done.
|
A drug that interferes
with the ability of a virus to make copies of itself.
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Treatment given before the
primary treatment. Examples of neoadjuvant therapy
include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormone
therapy.
|
(NEE-o-PLAY-zha)
Abnormal and uncontrolled
cell growth.
|
A new growth of benign or
malignant tissue.
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Tumor cells that have
spread from the original (primary) tumor to the tissue
that covers the brain, spinal cord, or both.
|
(nef-REK-toe-mee)
Surgery to remove a
kidney. Radical nephrectomy removes the kidney, the
adrenal gland, nearby lymph nodes, and other surrounding
tissue. Simple nephrectomy removes only the kidney.
Partial nephrectomy removes the tumor but not the entire
kidney.
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(nef-ro-TOE-mo-gram)
A series of x-rays of the
kidneys. The x-rays are taken from different angles and
show the kidneys clearly, without the shadows of the
organs around them.
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Poisonous or damaging to
the kidney.
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A procedure in which
medicine is injected directly into or around a nerve or
into the spine to block pain.
|
Having to do with nerves
or the nervous system, including the brain and the
spinal cord.
|
Cancer that arises in
immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and
children.
|
A tumor of the central or
peripheral nervous system.
|
(NOO-ro-EN-do-krin)
Having to do with the
interactions between the nervous system and the
endocrine system. Neuroendocrine describes certain cells
that release hormones into the blood in response to
stimulation of the nervous system.
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A tumor derived from cells
that release a hormone in response to a signal from the
nervous system. Some examples of neuroendocrine tumors
are carcinoid tumors, islet cell tumors, medullary
thyroid carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma. These tumors
secrete hormones in excess, causing a variety of
symptoms.
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Having to do with nerves
or the nervous system.
|
(noo-ROL-o-jist)
A doctor who specializes
in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the
nervous system.
|
(noo-RO-ma)
A tumor that arises in
nerve cells.
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A problem in any part of
the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord.
Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic
substances, or disease.
|
A member of a class of
protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides
consist of short chains of amino acids, with some
functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as
hormones.
|
(NOO-ro-SER-jun)
A doctor who specializes
in surgery on the brain, spine, and other parts of the
nervous system.
|
The tendency of some
treatments to cause damage to the nervous system.
|
A substance that is
poisonous to nerve tissue.
|
An ability to invade and
live in neural tissue. This term is usually used to
describe the ability of viruses to infect nerve tissue.
|
An abnormal decrease in
the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell.
|
(NOO-tro-fil)
A type of white blood
cell.
|
(NEE-vus)
A benign growth on the
skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes
and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears
as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The
plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye).
|
An amino acid derivative
used to counteract high blood pressure caused by
interleukin-2.
|
A vitamin being studied to
increase the effect of radiation therapy on tumor cells.
Also called nicotinamide.
|
A vitamin being studied to
increase the effect of radiation therapy on tumor cells.
Also called niacinamide.
|
National Institutes of
Health. NIH, the focal point of biomedical research in
the UnitedStates, conducts research in its own
laboratories; supports the research of non-Federal
scientists in universities, medical schools, hospitals,
and research institutions throughout the country and
abroad; helps in the training of research investigators;
and fosters communication of medical information. Access
the NIH Web site at http://www.nih.gov.
|
A drug that blocks the
effects of male hormones in the body. It belongs to the
family of drugs called antiandrogens.
|
Belongs to a family of
drugs called calcium channel blockers. It is being
investigated for use with anticancer drugs to prevent or
overcome drug resistance and improve response to
chemotherapy.
|
Fluid coming from the
nipple.
|
A toxic, corrosive,
colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes,
explosives, and other chemicals.
|
An alkaloid drug belonging
to a class of anticancer agents called topoisomerase
inhibitors.
|
(nye-TRO-so-yoo-REE-ahz)
A group of anticancer
drugs that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Carmustine
and lomustine are nitrosoureas.
|
Natural killer cells. A
type of white blood cell that contains granules with
enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells.
Also called large granular lymphocytes.
|
Nuclear magnetic resonance
imaging. A procedure in which a magnet linked to a
computer is used to create detailed pictures of areas
inside the body.
|
Cancer that has not spread
to the lymph nodes.
|
Cancer that has spread to
the lymph nodes.
|
A small mass of tissue
within a gland or organ that carries out the specialized
functions of the gland or organ.
|
(NOD-yool)
A growth or lump that may
be cancerous or noncancerous.
|
An anticancer drug that
belongs to the family of drugs called thymidylate
synthase inhibitors. Also called AG337.
|
A group of cancers of the
lymphoid system, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia,
B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, diffuse cell
lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, immunoblastic large cell
lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma,
mycosis fungoides, post-transplantation
lymphoproliferative disorder, small non-cleaved cell
lymphoma, and T-cell lymphoma.
|
A group of lung cancers
that includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma,
and large cell carcinoma.
|
Describes a clinical trial
or other experiment in which the researchers know what
treatments are being given to each study subject or
experimental group. If human subjects are involved, they
know what treatments they are receiving.
|
A clinical study that
includes some, but not all, of the eligible patients
identified by the researchers during the study
registration period. This type of study does not usually
have a control group.
|
Cancer that does not begin
in the blood or bone marrow.
|
Not cancerous.
|
Disorders of the blood,
some of which lead to leukemia.
|
Skin cancer that arises in
basal cells or squamous cells but not in melanocytes
(pigment-producing cells of the skin).
|
Having to do with skin
cancer that develops in basal cells or squamous cells
but not in melanocytes (pigment-producing cells of the
skin).
|
Cancer that has not spread
from the primary (original) site to other sites in the
body.
|
A drug that is not an
opioid. Examples include acetaminophen and nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), such as aspirin and
ibuprofen.
|
A medicine that can be
bought without a doctor's order. Examples include some
analgesics (pain relievers). Also called
over-the-counter (OTC).
|
A clinical trial in which
the participants are not assigned by chance to different
treatment groups. Participants may choose which group
they want to be in, or they may be assigned to the
groups by the researchers.
|
(non-sem-ih-NO-ma)
A group of testicular
cancers that begin in the germ cells (cells that give
rise to sperm). Nonseminomas are identified by the type
of cell in which they begin and include embryonal
carcinoma, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, and yolk sac
carcinoma.
|
(...ADD-in-o-KAR-sin-O-ma)
A type of cancer that
begins in the glandular cells that line certain internal
organs and most commonly affects the lungs. It is
diagnosed by the way the cells appear under a
microscope.
|
Cells such as phagocytes
and macrophages that respond to many antigens, not just
one antigen.
|
NSAIDs. A group of drugs
that decrease fever, swelling, pain, and redness.
|
Not harmful or
destructive.
|
An antibiotic drug used to
treat infection.
|
A protein found on the
surface of some cancers.
|
Nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs. A group of drugs that decrease
fever, swelling, pain, and redness.
|
An evaluation of the size
and shape of the nucleus in tumor cells and the
percentage of tumor cells that are in the process of
dividing or growing. Cancers with low nuclear grade grow
and spread less quickly than cancers with high nuclear
grade.
|
NMRI. A procedure in which
a magnet linked to a computer is used to create detailed
pictures of areas inside the body.
|
A method of diagnostic
imaging that uses very small amounts of radioactive
material. The patient is injected with a liquid that
contains the radioactive substance, which collects in
the part of the body to be imaged. Sophisticated
instruments detect the radioactive substance in the body
and process that information into an image.
|
A chemical compound (such
as protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, or minerals)
that make up foods. These compounds are used by the body
to function and grow.
|
The taking in and use of
food and other nourishing material by the body.
Nutrition is a 3-part process. First, food or drink is
consumed. Second, the body breaks down the food or drink
into nutrients. Third, the nutrients travel through the
bloodstream to different parts of the body where they
are used as "fuel" and for many other
purposes. To give the body proper nutrition, a person
has to eat and drink enough of the foods that contain
key nutrients.
|
A health professional with
special training in nutrition who can offer help with
the choice of foods a person eats and drinks. Also
called a dietitian.
|
A drug that treats
infections caused by fungi.
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