(HER-tel cell)
An uncommon type of
thyroid tumor that can be benign or malignant.
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Helicobacter pylori.
Bacteria that cause inflammation and ulcers in the
stomach.
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(FOL-i-kuls)
Shafts or openings on the
surface of the skin through which hair grows.
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A type of chronic leukemia
in which the abnormal white blood cells appear to be
covered with tiny hairs when viewed under a microscope.
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Surgery for breast cancer
in which the breast, chest muscles, and all of the lymph
nodes under the arm are removed. For many years, this
was the operation most used, but it is used now only
when the tumor has spread to the chest muscles. Also
called radical mastectomy.
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(ham-ar-TOE-ma)
A benign (noncancerous)
growth made up of an abnormal mixture of cells and
tissues normally found in the area of the body where the
growth occurs.
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The fruit of the hawthorn
bush. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain
medical problems, including heart problems and
gastrointestinal problems.
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An herb used in
traditional Chinese medicine to treat certain medical
problems. It has been used to boost the immune system
and may have anticancer effects.
|
A detailed picture of
areas inside the body. The pictures are created by a
computer linked to an x-ray machine that scans the body
in a spiral path. Also called spiral CT scan.
|
(HEEL-ih-ko-BAK-ter pye-LOR-ee)
H. pylori. Bacteria that
cause inflammation and ulcers in the stomach.
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A type of white blood cell
that helps stimulate immune system reactions. Helper T
cells help activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages by
secreting cytokines. They also stimulate B cells to make
antibodies.
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A protein found in the
outer coat of paramyxoviruses. This protein helps virus
particles bind to cells, making infection easier.
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A type of cancer involving
blood vessels and soft tissue.
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Originating in the blood
or spread through the bloodstream.
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Cancers of the blood or
bone marrow, including leukemia and lymphoma. Also
called hematologic cancers.
|
(hee-ma-TOL-o-jist)
A doctor who specializes
in treating diseases of the blood.
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The forming of new blood
cells.
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A group of proteins that
cause blood cells to grow and mature.
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Tissue in which new blood
cells are formed.
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A drug used in
photodynamic therapy that is absorbed by tumor cells.
When exposed to light, it becomes active and kills the
cancer cells.
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The substance inside red
blood cells that carries oxygen molecules.
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Group of hereditary
disorders in which affected individuals fail to make
enough of certain proteins needed to form blood clots.
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An enlarged or swollen
blood vessel, usually located near the anus or the
rectum.
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A drug that helps prevent
blood clots from forming. It belongs to the family of
drugs called anticoagulants (blood thinners).
|
Surgery to remove all or
part of the liver.
|
Refers to the liver.
|
A procedure to deliver
chemotherapy directly to the liver. Catheters are put
into an artery in the groin that leads directly to the
liver, and drugs are given through the catheters.
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The major blood vessel
that carries blood to the liver.
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A short blood vessel that
carries blood to the liver from the stomach and
intestine.
|
(hep-a-TYE-tis)
Disease of the liver
causing inflammation. Symptoms include an enlarged
liver, fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dark
urine.
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A type of hepatitis that
is carried and passed to others through the blood or
sexual contact.
|
A virus that causes
hepatitis (inflammation of the liver). It is carried and
passed to others through blood or sexual contact. Also,
infants born to infected mothers may become infected
with the virus.
|
A virus that causes
hepatitis (inflammation of the liver). It is carried and
passed to others through blood or sexual contact. Also,
infants born to infected mothers may become infected
with the virus.
|
(HEP-a-toe-blas-TOE-ma)
A type of liver tumor that
occurs in infants and children.
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(HEP-a-toe-SEL-yoo-ler kar-sin-O-ma)
A type of adenocarcinoma,
the most common type of liver tumor.
|
(HEP-a-toe-site)
A liver cell.
|
(hep-a-TOE-ma)
A liver tumor.
|
Epidermal growth factor
receptor. The protein found on the surface of some cells
and to which epidermal growth factor binds, causing the
cells to divide. It is found at abnormally high levels
on the surface of many types of cancer cells, so these
cells may divide excessively in the presence of
epidermal growth factor. Also known as EGFR or ErbB1.
|
Human epidermal growth
factor receptor 2. The HER2/neu protein is involved in
growth of some cancer cells. Also called c-erbB-2.
|
The gene that makes the
human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. The protein
produced is HER2/neu, which is involved in the growth of
some cancer cells. Also called c-erbB-2.
|
An herb used in
traditional Chinese medicine to treat certain medical
problems. It may have anticancer effects.
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A chemical that kills
plants.
|
(ha-RED-ih-tair-ee)
Transmitted from parent to
child by information contained in the genes.
|
A gene change in the
body's reproductive cells (egg or sperm) that becomes
incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of
offspring; hereditary mutations are passed on from
parents to offspring. Also called germline mutation.
|
HNPCC. An inherited
disorder in which affected individuals have a
higher-than-normal chance of developing colon cancer and
certain other types of cancer, usually before the age of
60. Also called Lynch syndrome.
|
(HER-peez VYE-rus)
A member of the herpes
family of viruses.
|
(het-er-o-JEN-ik)
Derived from a different
source or species. Also called heterogenous.
|
Derived from a different
source or species. Also called heterogenic.
|
A type of internal
radiation treatment in which the radioactive source is
removed between treatments. Also called high-dose-rate
remote radiation therapy or remote brachytherapy.
|
A type of internal
radiation treatment in which the radioactive source is
removed between treatments. Also called high-dose-rate
remote brachytherapy or remote brachytherapy.
|
Includes large cell,
immunoblastic, lymphoblastic, and small noncleaved cell
lymphomas. These lymphomas grow quickly but have a
better response to anticancer drugs than that seen with
low-grade lymphomas.
|
HSIL. A precancerous
condition in which the cells of the uterine cervix are
moderately or severely abnormal.
|
Cancer that is likely to
recur (come back), or spread.
|
A drug being studied for
its ability to enhance the effectiveness of IL-2 in
treating acute myeloid leukemia.
|
The study of tissues and
cells under a microscope.
|
Individuals treated in the
past and used as a comparison group when researchers
analyze the results of a clinical study that had no
control group. The use of a control, or comparison,
group helps researchers determine the effects of a new
treatment more accurately.
|
Human immunodeficiency
virus, the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS).
|
A substance produced by
certain white blood cells in reaction to contact with
HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus.
|
Hereditary nonpolyposis
colon cancer. An inherited disorder in which affected
individuals have a higher-than-normal chance of
developing colon cancer and certain other types of
cancer, usually before the age of 60. Also called Lynch
syndrome.
|
A malignant disease of the
lymphatic system that is characterized by painless
enlargement of lymph nodes, the spleen, or other
lymphatic tissue. It is sometimes accompanied by
symptoms such as fever, weight loss, fatigue, and night
sweats.
|
A drug containing a
radioactive isotope that is used in the diagnosis and
treatment of cancer.
|
Small doses of medicines,
herbs, or both that are believed to stimulate the immune
system.
|
An anticancer drug that
belongs to the plant alkaloid family of drugs.
|
Treatment that adds,
blocks, or removes hormones. For certain conditions
(such as diabetes or menopause), hormones are given to
adjust low hormone levels. To slow or stop the growth of
certain cancers (such as prostate and breast cancer),
hormones may be given to block the body's natural
hormones. Sometimes surgery is needed to remove the
source of hormones. Also called hormone therapy, hormone
treatment, or endocrine therapy.
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A protein on the surface
of a cell that binds to a specific hormone. The hormone
causes many changes to take place in the cell.
|
A test to measure the
amount of certain proteins, called hormone receptors, in
cancer tissue. Hormones can attach to these proteins. A
high level of hormone receptors may mean that hormones
help the cancer grow.
|
HRT. Hormones (estrogen,
progesterone, or both) given to postmenopausal women or
women who have had their ovaries surgically removed, to
replace the estrogen no longer produced by the ovaries.
|
Treatment that adds,
blocks, or removes hormones. For certain conditions
(such as diabetes or menopause), hormones are given to
adjust low hormone levels. To slow or stop the growth of
certain cancers (such as prostate and breast cancer),
hormones may be given to block the body's natural
hormones. Sometimes surgery is needed to remove the
source of hormones. Also called hormonal therapy,
hormone treatment, or endocrine therapy.
|
Treatment that adds,
blocks, or removes hormones. For certain conditions
(such as diabetes or menopause), hormones are given to
adjust low hormone levels. To slow or stop the growth of
certain cancers (such as prostate and breast cancer),
hormones may be given to block the body's natural
hormones. Sometimes surgery is needed to remove the
source of hormones. Also called hormone therapy,
hormonal therapy, or endocrine therapy.
|
Chemicals produced by
glands in the body and circulated in the bloodstream.
Hormones control the actions of certain cells or organs.
|
A condition in which one
side of the face is flushed, does not produce sweat, and
has a constricted pupil and drooping eyelid. It can be
caused by an injury to, or paralysis of, nerves in the
neck, or by a tumor.
|
A cell that is infected by
a virus or another type of microorganism.
|
When radioactive material
is used to examine the thyroid with a scanner, nodules
that collect more radioactive material than the
surrounding thyroid tissue are considered
"hot." Hot nodules are rarely malignant. Hot
nodules are sometimes called hyperfunctioning nodules.
|
2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl
pyropheophorbide-a. A drug that is used in photodynamic
therapy that is absorbed by tumor cells; when exposed to
light, it becomes active and kills the cancer cells.
|
Human papillomavirus. A
virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is
often associated with some types of cancer.
|
Hormone replacement
therapy. Hormones (estrogen, progesterone, or both)
given to postmenopausal women or women who have had
their ovaries surgically removed, to replace the
estrogen no longer produced by the ovaries.
|
An anticancer drug in
which hu14.18, a monoclonal antibody, is combined with
interleukin-2. The monoclonal antibody binds to the
cancer cells and delivers IL-2, which stimulates the
immune system to destroy the cancer cells.
|
A Chinese herb that has
been used as a treatment for a variety of medical
problems. It is being studied as an anticancer drug.
|
HER2/neu. The HER2/neu
protein is involved in growth of some cancer cells. Also
called c-erbB-2.
|
HIV. The cause of acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
|
(pap-ih-LO-ma-VYE-rus)
HPV. A virus that causes
abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated
with some types of cancer.
|
(hyoo-MID-ih-fye-er)
A machine that puts
moisture in the air.
|
(HER-tel cell)
An uncommon type of
thyroid tumor that can be benign or malignant.
|
Combining with water.
|
A substance that has been
studied as a treatment for cancer and as a treatment for
cachexia (body wasting) associated with advanced cancer.
|
(hye-dro-SEF-uh-lus)
The abnormal buildup of
cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.
|
A drug used to relieve the
symptoms of certain hormone shortages and to suppress an
immune response.
|
A chemical used in
bleaches, dyes, cleansers, antiseptics, and
disinfectants. In a concentrated form, it is toxic and
irritating to tissues.
|
A chemical reaction that
uses water to break down a compound.
|
A drug used to relieve
pain.
|
Abnormal enlargement of a
kidney, which may be caused by blockage of the ureter
(such as by a kidney stone) or chronic kidney disease
that prevents urine from draining into the bladder.
|
Abnormal enlargement of
the ureter caused by any blockage that prevents urine
from draining into the bladder.
|
An anticancer drug that
belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.
|
Oxygen that is at an
atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea
level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the
effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied.
|
(hye-per-kal-SEE-mee-a)
Abnormally high blood
calcium.
|
A way of giving radiation
therapy in smaller-than-usual doses two or three times a
day instead of once a day.
|
Abnormally high blood
sugar.
|
St. John's wort. An herbal
product sold as an over-the-counter treatment for
depression. It is being studied for its ability to
lessen certain side effects of cancer treatment.
|
(hye-per-PLAY-zha)
An abnormal increase in
the number of cells in an organ or tissue.
|
An exaggerated response by
the immune system to a drug or other substance.
|
Abnormally high blood
pressure.
|
(hye-per-THER-mee-a)
A type of treatment in
which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to
damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells
more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain
anticancer drugs.
|
A procedure in which a
warmed solution containing anticancer drugs is used to
bathe, or is passed through the blood vessels of, the
tissue or organ containing the tumor.
|
Too much thyroid hormone.
Symptoms include weight loss, chest pain, cramps,
diarrhea, and nervousness. Also called overactive
thyroid.
|
A buildup of uric acid (a
byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of
some anticancer drugs.
|
Having a large number of
blood vessels.
|
A trance-like state in
which a person becomes more aware and focused and is
more open to suggestion.
|
Abnormally low blood
sugar.
|
The bottom part of the
throat. Cancer of the hypopharynx is also called
hypopharyngeal cancer.
|
Abnormally low blood
pressure.
|
(hye-po-THAL-uh-mus)
The area of the brain that
controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst.
|
A tentative proposal made
to explain certain observations or facts that requires
further investigation to be verified.
|
Too little thyroid
hormone. Symptoms include weight gain, constipation, dry
skin, and sensitivity to the cold. Also called
underactive thyroid.
|
Having too little oxygen.
|
(hiss-ter-EK-toe-mee)
An operation in which the
uterus is removed.
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